Implementation of Reliable and Cost Effective Smart Home

Execution of Reliable and Cost Effective Smart Home Computerization is the pattern that will characterize the manner in which we will live and work throughout the following decade. Current home robotization frameworks have confinements as far as remote network, speed, impedance, transmission capacity and cost of usage. The proposed keen home framework gives remote control of apparatuses, for example, lights, fans, and cautions by utilizing sensors and Bluetooth. Bluetooth gives higher transmission speed, more prominent data transfer capacity, and devours less force than existing remote conventions. Further, the expense of usage is limited with the utilization of sensors and Bluetooth. This structure consolidates an ARM7 processor that consistently gathers light force, temperature, and carbon-monoxide levels from sensors and contrasts it and limit levels, to decide the control activity to be performed on home machines. The ARM7 processor get to machines utilizing Bluetooth. Further, this savvy home framework additionally permits people to straightforwardly control their machines through a cell phone based android application. This savvy home framework is actualized and tried under fluctuating conditions to speak to its effectiveness. Rundown OF ABBREVIATIONS ADC Simple to Digital Converter ARM Propelled RISC Machines BLE Bluetooth Low Energy CPSR Current Program Status Register DTE Information Terminal Equipment FEC Forward Error Correction FH-CDMA Recurrence Hopping Code Division Multiple Access FIQ Quick Interrupt Request Central air High Voltage Alternating Current LCD Fluid Crystal Display PPM RISC Parts Per Million Decreased Instruction Set Computer RSSI Gotten Signal Strength Indicator UART All inclusive Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter UPB General Powerline Bus USB All inclusive Serial Bus Section 1 Presentation Home Automation Universes Fair of 1934 in Chicago denoted the introduction of home computerization. At first, the business couldn't have a gigantic effect on society. The purpose behind the moderate beginning was significant expense and unpredictability making it difficult to introduce. Anyway as cell phones and tablets appeared, the usage of this innovation turned out to be a lot simpler. The computerization innovation helps in accomplishing more noteworthy proficiency and gives higher security. Desires from a Smart Home The significant boundaries to search for in the usage of a shrewd home can be as per the following: Similarity of the convention. The framework ought to speak with the significant conventions in home mechanization like ZigBee, Z-Wave, and Bluetooth. Remote access. The framework should be fit for remote association, for example, Wi-Fi Connectivity in this manner killing every physical unpredictability. Degree for extension. The framework should bolster a higher number of items. Extension for booking. The structure of the framework ought to have the option to help planning of various undertakings at home like killing lights when no one at home. Remote access. Having an Android bolster is basic nowadays. In the event that the framework is perfect with a cell phone, it makes this procedure smooth as pretty much every individual today has a cell phone. Crisis warning. The framework ought to send messages demonstrating crisis or danger to the house. Shrewd Home Community Response Different investigations have been directed to see whether buyers are prepared to take up shrewd home innovation. An examination from Coldwell Banker Real Estate and CNET completed in June 2015, said that 28% of web clients in The United States have brilliant homes and 90% of them would suggest shrewd home innovation. The report likewise proposes that 25% of Americans utilize savvy home items which spare them around 30 minutes per day on normal which are proportionate to $1,000 every year. According to an overview, 75% of the keen property holders accept that this innovation brings genuine feelings of serenity in regards to security. Part 2 Audit OF LITERATURE Existing Protocols in Home Automation Industry The expansion in the utilization of shrewd home frameworks prompts the improvement of various conventions. The conventions are chosen dependent on the kind of correspondence among different associated gadgets. Let us see the significant conventions in home mechanization industry: X10 Technology X10 is the most established home mechanization convention created in 1970. At first, the innovation was a powerline-based framework which gradually went remote. X10 innovation utilizes the electrical cables in the home to permit correspondence between different machines. X10 is dependable as it utilizes electrical cables. In any case, it is dependent upon impedance from different gadgets in the circuit. It doesn't give a speed correspondence between gadgets. It can just perform 16 orders sent each in turn. INSTEON Technology INSTEON was presented in the year 2005. It was intended to overcome any issues between powerline frameworks and remote conventions. INSTEON is perfect with X10 innovation making it simple for the individuals who have a current X10 organize. It bolsters computerization amateurs which make setting up or including gadgets simple for the non-specialized clients. INSTEON can bolster in excess of 65,000 orders. It is fit for transmitting orders with little obstruction. One need not need to select INSTEON into home computerization organize. INSTEON system can have in excess of 400 gadgets associated in a solitary establishment. The double band work system can change over all powerline-worked gadgets into repeaters ZigBee Technology ZigBee is a remote correspondence standard worked by IEEE. It runs on 802.15.4 remote correspondence standard. ZigBee is developing altogether as of late. In any case, ZigBees full acknowledgment as a home computerization convention is still being referred to. The explanation being its interoperability. By and large, ZigBee gadgets experience issues in speaking with gadgets from different makers. Every gadget utilizes various strategies to achieve a similar errand which causes the trouble in correspondence. Maybe, for a similar explanation, producers use ZigBee to restrain outsider gadgets. Wi-Fi Technology Wi-Fi represents Wireless Fidelity. Wi-Fi utilizes radio recurrence transmission of information through the air. Speed in a Wi-Fi association may fluctuate from 1mbps to 2mbps. Wi-Fi works in the recurrence band of 2.4 GHz. The range for Wi-Fi is 40-300 feet. Wi-Fi runs on an inbuilt innovation known as recurrence division multiplexing innovation. Nonetheless, the significant downside with Wi-Fi is the obstruction and transmission capacity issues. With such a large number of Wi-Fi perfect gadgets, every gadget must battle for data transmission bringing about more opportunity to react in this way making it work gradually. Likewise, Wi-Fi devours a lot of intensity. Part 3 BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY In 1994, Ericsson Mobile Communications was the first to start research on the chance of remote connections. Their point was to build up a financially savvy answer for supplant links as a method of correspondence among PCs and peripherals. Ericsson alongside Nokia, Intel, IBM, and Toshiba, framed a gathering known as Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) with a typical rationale of building up the novel innovation. The first Bluetooth specialized determination discharged in 1999. Bluetooth Specification Bluetooth particular for Classic Bluetooth/Bluetooth Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate (BR/EDR) is beneath in Table 1. TABLE 1. Particulars of Classic Bluetooth Specialized Specification Exemplary Bluetooth Regulation Technique Recurrence Hopping Regulation Scheme GFSK Regulation Index 0.35 Number of Channels 79 Channel Bandwidth 1 MHz Ostensible Data Rate 1-3 Mbps Application Throughput 0.7 2.1 Mbps Hubs/Active Slaves 7 Security 56 128 piece Voice Proficient Bluetooth Technology A Good Choice for Smart Home Bluetooth is an answer for some various issues which existed before, as: Speed.Bluetooth gives a transmission speed of 1 Mbps. It can deal with up to three voice channels all the while. Power.Bluetooth innovation has a unique component of constraining the transmitters power according to the interest. With the assistance of a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), a Bluetooth beneficiary can decide the transmission power required by the transmitter. Security.Bluetooth has three worked in highlights which target giving secure information or voice transmission Forestalls access to transmitted information by giving appropriate confirmation. Information is scrambled over-the-air (OTA) which dispensed with overhang droppings. Additionally, a proper key is required to decode such information It utilizes Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum (FHSS) which further takes out listening stealthily Reliability.Bluetooth Technology utilizes three methods to guarantee convention unwavering quality. They are Frequency Hopping Code Division Multiple Access (FH-CDMA), Error Correction and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). Consequently, with the assistance of these strategies, the presentation corruption is limited. Part 4 Framework COMPONENTS Equipment Components TABLE 2. Segments Required for the Design Force Supply 12V DC Battery Processor Propelled RISC Machine (ARM7) Sequential Communication Widespread Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter (UART) Remote Communication Bluetooth Module Sensors Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), Temperature Sensor (LM35), and Gas Sensor (MQ-2) Show Fluid Crystal Display (LCD)Smart Phone Display Burdens/Appliances/Devices Driven, Computer Fan, and Alarm/Buzzer Programming Applications TABLE 3. Programming Required for the Design MATLAB To catch the sensor yields KEIL To compose the code for the working of processor Streak Magic To send the code into the processor Framework ARRANGEMENT Force Supply The model uses an AJC D1.3S battery with 12 Volt/1.3Ah setup. Fluid Crystal Display The model uses a 1602A LCD module with following highlights 16 Character x 2 Line Single force gracefully of 5V Information 4-bits or 8-bits interface 1/16Duty, 1/5Bias Hand-off The model uses NRP07-C12D

Laws And Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Laws And Nursing - Essay Example Nursing is the specialty of mindful and watching out for a feeble individual or creature or any living thing so far as that is concerned. Be that as it may, dissimilar to different expressions it additionally bears a profound connection with science (Cubacub, 2009). Attributable to its imaginative side nursing includes capability and furthermore set strategies and science in its most specialized structure inferable from the logical angle. Similarly as with each other field in this world, nursing likewise consolidates inside it, laws and morals with nursing laws being founded on nursing morals. Morals as per the Oxford Dictionary is ‘principles in particular good rules that oversee how an individual leads a movement and the rules that administer a person’s behavior’ (Press, Ethics, 2010) . Then again the Oxford word reference characterizes law in these terms (placing the importance in straightforward words); the arrangement of rules which a nation utilizes and uses to manage and control the activities and doings of its individuals (Press, Law, 2010). NMC, short for Nursing and Midwifery Council, is a chamber or a body that manages pretty much each and every side of nursing including the laws and morals. It works by directing the medical caretakers and birthing specialists in various pieces of the Great Britain, for example, England, Scotland, Wales, the Islands and Northern Ireland (NMC, What we do, 2010). Their most importantly concern is to defend and ensure the prosperity of open. (NMC, Factsheet: Assessment and examination of wellness to rehearse referrals to the NMC, 2010) Informed assent in this issue is the most persuasive appearing part of law. It is a lawful strategy that guarantees the skill and information on a patient with respect to the potential dangers and strategies for a methodology or treatment plan (Cherry n.d.). This furnishes with a chance to the patients or customers in a medicinal services framework to settle on choices in regards to the issues of wellbeing and treatment plan. Assent could either be communi cated or inferred and relying on the current circumstance, both of them is material and required (Abbas 2012). Communicated assent is the most generally utilized and most material type of assent utilized in clinical practice. In this structure, the patient enthusiastically and verbally gives his assent with respect to a clinical or wellbeing technique, and so on. Then again, the patient doesn't verbally give assent in suggested assent yet rather his activities or non-verbal communication plainly demonstrate that the assent has been given for instance when a patient presents his arm for the organization of an infusion, and so forth in any case, the differentiation between these two gets indistinct in clinical practice and requires cautious assessment of the circumstance by the doctor and the medical caretaker. Thinking about the job of an attendant in getting an educated assent, it isn't the nurse’s obligation to clarify the specialized subtleties of a clinical method but inst ead that of the doctor. In any case, she is liable for acquiring the patient’s signature on the assent structure. These marks suggest that the assent was intentional, not coercive and credible and furthermore that the attendant saw the doctor requesting assent and the patient consenting to it (Abbas 2012). All together for a medical caretaker to shield herself from the legitimate ramifications, getting an educated assent is the most significant and first obligation. Any medical caretaker who neglects to do so is at risk to legitimate activity. Trehan and Sankhari (2002) clarify in their work that any technique began without first educating the patient about it and acquiring his assent would be named as â€Å"battery† which is obligated to exacting lawful activity being a wrongdoing in nature. In addition they clarify that sweeping assent is not any more legitimate generally of legitimateness. This as well as it is imperative to record the assent taking for future medic o-legitimate references. In a perfect world, a copy of the assent record ought to be given over to the patient so the two gatherings have the imperative data with them which can be repeated when need be (Trehan, Sankhari, 2002). To the extent the legitimate points of view of educated assent are thought of, the

Internship Resume for College Students Examples Guide

Internship Resume for College Students Examples Guide Internships are very important if you are a student. They provide you with the opportunity to learn practically what you have learned theoretically at your university.You get to experience the real work done by employed professionals.Taking an internship is an investment in your future as you meet people from your field of study and get practical experience,Moreover, by taking this step, you are also paving a way to landing a good job after you graduate.You may conclude that finding an internship is very important for you as a student, so let us dive into the first thing you need to do to this end â€" making a resume.A resume is vital in this situation as it represents the first impression your potential employer will have about you.In the following sections, you will first find several examples of resumes for internships in various fields of study.Then, you will read some guidelines for writing one that will impress your desired employer.Also, you may use our resume builder for an e asier finish of this task.Resume for Internship at Vivint Smart Home Right Resume for Internship in Magellan Health Right Resume for Internship at The Surge Institute Right Resume for Internship at Google Right Resume for Internship in AAA Northeast Right Resume for Internship at Societe Generale Right Create your own resumeYou can see from these examples that it is not so hard to write a resume.And with our resume builder, this is even simpler.As its name suggests, it is a brief description of your skills and qualifications which make you suitable to do a certain job.Nevertheless, writing a good resume involves knowing some tricks which will help you show yourself as a serious and professional candidate for the internship of your choice.Let us take a look at every section and see how to write them the best.PERSONAL INFO SECTIONThis is the place for some basic information about yourself. As you could see in the examples, there is no need for too much information.An employer needs to know your full name, email, address, phone number, and social media profile(s).Tips on Writing Your Name and EmailAs you want to show that you are professional, you should write your full name without any nicknames given to you by your friends.Mark Richardson RightMark ‘Biker’ Richardson WrongThe same goes for email addresses. You should use a permanent email (mind that it is strongly advisable not to use temporary emails) with your name and surname.mark.richardson@gmail.com Rightmarkextremebiker@gmail.com WrongTips on Adding a PhotoWhether you will or will not add a photo depends on you. However, it is important if you choose to add it, that it is a businesslike shot. It should be taken without other people next to or behind you.It should be a headshot ideally, but never a full figure. You should wear business clothes and smile lightly. Avoid informal photos.Note that the resumes in the UK and the US are sent without photos.Tips on Adding Social Media ProfilesIt is advisable to have a LinkedIn profile as this is a professional network where you can make business contacts. If you have it, include it in your resume. If you do not have it, we suggest that you make it.If your field of interest is connected with using other social media sites, such as Instagram, Flickr, etc., feel free to add those as well. But remember, these should be mentioned only if there is a good reason.If you choose to do that, you ought to be careful not to post material which is not appropriate for a potential employer to see.SUMMARY SECTIONThis section consists of several sentences that describe you and your qualifications for the internship position you want to obtain. You should mention your most important achievements, projects, or awards. Note that you will write all of them below, in the rest of your resume. Here, choose what will show you in your brightest light.This part is one of the first things your potential employer will read. You should make it brief, informative, and eye-catching, so that they want to continue reading your resume and, later, talk with you as well. It is a very useful trick to use the words or phrases mentioned in the job description.Even though you probably do not have much practical experience, there is no need to worry.You are applying for you r internship in order to gain experience. Just highlight why you are a great candidate for your position.Mention some hard and soft skills you have â€" you will read more about these in the sections about skills. You may also mention your passions and hobbies, but only if they are connected with the internship.Ideally, there should be several items mentioned in this text:Your field of studyMost important projects or achievementsMost important skillsHere is an example of a summary:Summary“Second Year Physics student at Massachusetts Institute of Technology with experience in working on several university projects. As a mathematically-minded and dedicated person, I will add substantial value to the internship role at Tesla Inc. My organizational skills and significant knowledge in the field of physics will ensure that I contribute to your company’s performance.” RightEDUCATION SECTIONStudents do not have much experience, therefore they have their education to emphasize in the r esume.This part of your resume is the most significant one, as it is the indicator of your qualifications for the internship position you are applying for. It is strongly advisable to make this section as perfect as possible.This section should include the following points:Information about your university: the name of your university, the school/college you are attending, and your field of study. This will give the hiring manager an idea of what is the best position for you in the company.More information about your studies will give an air of professionalism to your resume. You may include the relevant coursework â€" the attended courses which are in line with the desired internship.Honors and awards should be included, even clubs and other extracurricular activities if being a member of them had you acquire skills which you can use in your work.GPA: It is a good practice to include your GPA, as numbers are a direct and intuitive way to rank candidates. Of course, if your grades a re not very high, it would be a good idea to omit this.As this is the most important part of your resume, be advised to fill it in with as many details as you can. Still, bear in mind that you should only write relevant details. Writing too much irrelevant information may repel the hiring manager.WORK EXPERIENCE SECTIONIf You Haven’t Had a Job BeforeLet us take a look at this from a different perspective. As a student, you may not have formal work experience, but you have probably worked on some projects during the course of your studies.You may change the title of this section to “Major Achievements” or “Major Projects” and fill it with the projects you have done or participated in as part of your courses.You may think that these projects should be written in the education section.Thematically, yes.However, if you do not have any work experience whatsoever, extracting pieces of information about university projects to a separate section will create an impression of you ha ving experience in the field of interest.This may be a trick that will grant you the desired internship.If you want to add more detail here, you may include special information about each project, such as your role and duties, the results and achievements that concluded the project, and any other relevant information.Take a look at one example:Heritage High NewspaperReporter | May 2016 â€" May 2017Covered the national mathematics competition held at University of Michigan, resulting in a boost to the number of student volunteers for the next competition held locallyInterviewed contestants and professors with regard to the organization of the contest and other activities during their stay at the university campusWrote articles for the university newspapers based on the interviewsLed a team of 5 journalists in covering the competition thoroughlyIf You Have Had a Job BeforeIf you have had any jobs in the past, list them here. You should not add many details for the jobs which are not r elated to your desired internship.Nevertheless, it is good to have the hiring manager to see that you are a responsible and serious person.You can add some other works here:Volunteer workNonprofit workAny other past internships and practicesSKILLS SECTIONThere are two types of skills which you should mention in your resume: hard and soft skills.Hard skills are those related to particular professions, those that are teachable and measurable, such as computer programming, machine operation, typing speed, knowledge of foreign languages, etc. When you write about your hard skills, be as detailed as possible.SkillsProgramming languages: Python, C#, Java; Frontend: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, JQuery, AngularProficient knowledge of Microsoft Office Suite â€" Word, PowerPoint, Excel, Access RightSkillsProgramming knowledgeMicrosoft Office WrongSoft skills, also known as interpersonal skills or people skills, are hard to quantify. They show how you cooperate and communicate with other people. E xamples of soft skills are flexibility, leadership, teamwork, time management.You should include both sets of skills in your resume. Though, as a student, you are still learning many of them, you have surely acquired plenty while you were doing school and extracurricular projects or activities.You should pay special attention to the description of the internship. Do not forget to mention the required skills in your resume if you have them. But be careful not to jam all of them in the skills section as it may seem insincere and a copy-paste work. Spread the required qualities throughout your resume.It is also important to be sincere. If you do not possess a certain skill, avoid writing it. You may write something else instead. And always have in mind that you may be asked to explain how you acquired a certain skill.When choosing which of them to write, think about your past jobs, volunteer work, or projects where you had to use or learn the skill you are listing. The following interv iew may include questions about them, so you should be prepared.CONCLUSIONAfter you have read this, we hope that you understand how to write a great resume which will blow the mind of the hiring manager and get you the internship position that you want so much. You can use our resume builder for creating it easily.We wish you the best of luck, and we hope that you land this internship! Create your own resume

St. Thomas Aquinas Of The Personalist / Natural Law Ethics

This semester has felt as being in a roller coaster, despite of some of the theories having similarities, one cannot said that one theory is the same to another. For the reason, I personality felt as every time that there was a new theory introduced, I tried to see how it applied to my life. As the different theories were presented in our Ethical Theory class, the theory that stood out and reignited the most is St. Thomas Aquinas of the personalist /natural law ethics. St. Thomas Aquinas natural laws theory developed from a non-Christian that was Aristotle. Despite many of many Catholic theologian did not agree with St. Thomas Aquinas due to his agreement with Aristotle, but St. Aquinas would become one of the most influential theologian in Christianity history. His theory on natural law started to first defining law in general. For example, the key aspect of his definition is that, â€Å"law is something pertaining to reason.†(Aquinas, p.3) This was a key point that was a dev elopment from what St. Aquinas had understood from Aristotle that not mattering what the issues were there had to be law that had to refer to reason, as characteristic human function. Also, there are some essential to a law that St. Aquinas recognized which are an ordinance of reason, directed to the common good, made by one who has care of the community, and promulgated. Furthermore, the characteristic human function, Aquinas begins to develop a more concrete theory of his own in regard to laws that is,

Physician Assisted Suicide And Voluntary Euthanasia

Physician-assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia is still under scrutiny for a number of reasons. â€Å"In spring, 1996, the Ninth and Second Circuits were the first circuit courts in the country to find a constitutional prohibition against laws which make physician-assisted suicide a crime† (Martyn Bourguignon, 1997). New York was one of the states that followed this prohibition. Eventually, The Ninth and Second Circuit, â€Å"allow physician-assisted suicide while attempting to protect individuals from unacceptable harms, such as involuntary euthanasia† (Martyn Bourguignon, 1997). An assumption can be made, that euthanasia involves a licensed physician to play an active role in this partaking, and it’s where the patient prepares to die at.†¦show more content†¦Even if assisted suicide were to be permitted under some conditions, a second issue is whether physicians should ever participate in it. This is where the moral and ethical issues arise? Ph ysicians may not want to have the burden of essentially killing a human being. A life is sacred and doctors avoid putting patients in severe pain. The law can get involved if a physician does administer this lethal dose of medication to their patient. For example, Dr. Jack Kevorkian was arrested for performing physician-assisted suicide on his patients. He clearly did not view assisted dying as an immoral type of procedure. â€Å"The site of most activity surrounding physician-assisted suicide is Michigan because Dr. Kevorkian practiced physician-assisted suicide there despite its illegal status. From 1990 to 1999, when he was convicted and imprisoned, Kevorkian assisted in more than 130 physician-assisted suicides† (Grosswald, 2002). People commit suicide on a daily basis, not only in the United States of America, but all over the entire world. Dying by suicide or losing someone from suicide can be incredibly traumatic for families, loved ones, and the victim. Also, dying from suicide by hanging, shooting, or harming oneself is not the utmost, moral, or ethical way to die, due to the physical pain. Furthermore, there are aShow MoreRelatedPhysician Assisted Suicide And Voluntary Euthanasia, Legitimacy And Legality1352 Words   |  6 Pages Physician Assisted Suicide and Voluntary Euthanasia, Legitimacy and Legality Isaac Roer Saginaw Valley State University Abstract This paper discusses why the U.S. should implement the availability of physician assisted suicide/death and voluntary euthanasia. It discusses countries that have this legally, how they do not abuse the fact, and the percentages of both physicians and patients that are affiliated with PAS/VE. It continues with the legal moral issues it has within the UnitedRead MoreEuthanasi Voluntary Active Euthanasia, Passive Euthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1143 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Heritage Dictionary euthanasia is defined as the art or practice of ending the life of a person or animal having a terminal illness or a medical condition that causes suffering. Euthanasia should be a individual choice to end a patient s life. This keeps them from going through excruciating pain due to an incurable disease. Some people think euthanasia should be out of the picture while others inquiry the effectiveness of these actions. With effectiveness, euthanasia is classified in threeRead MorePhy sician Assisted Suicide And Euthanasia Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesPhysician Assisted Suicide Is physician assisted suicide ethical? Physician assisted suicide is an up and coming ethical question that examines a person’s right to their own death. 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Voluntary active euthanasiaRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1536 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Murder â€Å"Euthanasia, also [known as] mercy killing, [is the] practice of ending another’s life with the aim of enabling the person to avoid severe suffering, typically from a terminal illness† (â€Å"Euthanasia†). Furthermore, a study conducted in Washington State revealed that most of the participants who requested euthanasia had the diagnosis of cancer, neurological disease, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Back et al. 919). This study also uncovered that â€Å"the patient concerns mostRead MoreAssisted Suicide And Voluntary Active Euthanasia Essay1345 Words   |  6 Pagessociety: physician assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia. Physician assisted suicide is when the patient is prescribed lethal medicine by the doctor to commit suicide. Meanwhile, voluntary active euthanasia is when a physician takes an active role in the act of killing the patient. 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At theRead More Euthanasia Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesWhen a person commits an act of euthanasia, he/she brings about the death of another person because he/she believes that the latter’s present existence is so bad that he/she would be better off dead. The word eu thanasia originated from the Greek language: eu means â€Å"good† and thanatos means â€Å"death†. The meaning of euthanasia is â€Å"the intentional termination of life by another at the explicit request of the person who dies† (Religious Tolerance). However, euthanasia has many different meanings, whichRead MoreSiya Kumar. Dying With Dignity. . Imagine Yourself With1360 Words   |  6 Pagespossible with the help of physician assisted death. Physician assisted death and voluntary euthanasia should be legal in the the United States because if a person has the right to life, then they also have the right to death, it helps terminally ill patients to escape the pain that awaits them, and it can be safely regulated by government legislation. Euthanasia is specifically provided for individuals diagnosed with a terminal illness. There are several types of euthanasia that differ in the way thatRead MoreShould Physician Assisted Suicide Be Legalized?1426 Words   |  6 PagesPhysician assisted suicide is also known as assisted suicide. It is a very controversial procedure. It is not favored by many. However, in present day society is little bit inclined towards assisted suicide. There is ongoing debate on the legalization of assisted suicide. The main reason to oppose of assisted suicide is the fear of mistreatment of the patient, abuse of power and so on. In contrary, many see assisted suicide as a way to decrease pain in the end of life.

The Stupidity Paradox Free Essays

Submitted by: Hassan Ahmed Class Number: MBA-01 Sec-02 Submitted to: Dr. Nasir Afghan Course: Organizational Behavior and Leadership Table of Contents Part One: Stupidity Today The Knowledge Myth Not to Smart Funtional Stupidity Part Two: Five Kinds of Functional Stupidity   Leadership- Induced Leadership Structure-Induced Leadership Imitation Induced Stupidity Branding-Induced Stupidity Culture-Induced Stupidity Part Three: Managing Stupidity Stupidity Management and How to counter it? Conclusion Introduction The main purpose of any company is to grow in terms of business that is having lucrative business and at the same time enabling their employees to become their future asset. But in real world often we see organization hired smart people and they end up in making stupid mistake. We will write a custom essay sample on The Stupidity Paradox or any similar topic only for you Order Now The book highlights that organization depend on well-educated and bright people who are willing to learn but what seems to be observe is that organization ends up in creating Corporate Slaves who follows dictation, discipline and willingness to be seduced by many ludicrous ideas. We have to understand why organization employed smart people? Why smart people do stupid things and bestow with bounties by organization for doing such mistakes this is what the book highlights. They succeeded for the short time span but in longer term it damages the organization as well as their progress also. Later in this chapter we will discuss the role of stupidity in today’s workplace and profession. Part One: Stupidity Today The Knowledge Myth World has witnessed an anomaly in knowledge based economy. In a way that we have observed a remarkable progression in knowledge of individuals but in contrast to it we could not witness rapid increase in the demand of such individuals in our job sector. Instead of surge in knowledge based jobs we have seen smooth increase in low-wage odd jobs. Irony is the attitude of present day organizations who instead of addressing this issue tries to cover it up by using different tactics like granting attractive job titles to convince individuals that they are doing something innovative and useful. But in reality we have witnessed that such organizations and individuals are busy in doing routine office work. This does not mean that acquiring knowledge is wasteful or dangerous. But the ever increasing gap between supply and demand curve of highly intellectual individuals and knowledge based jobs is fuelling frustration and other evils in present day generation. This frustration can be gauged by a rapid increase in college pass outs since 1960s and number of people who were expecting that they would be given a ground to showcase their capabilities and abilities but at last they were only allowed to do repetitive office tasks on daily basis. Not to Smart Individual in the organization are rational people. They try their best to use their knowledge and experience practically but faces with many obstacles. It has been seen as most decisions in the organization are based on limited information and less time to contemplate over it which results in the satisfactory outcome but not optimal one. It has been seen mostly that smart people joining the workforce on the basis of their intelligence but they are not fully able to utilize it. If they opt to do something different they will be stopped by their boss or faced criticism from their colleagues that is the dilemma of our culture. You can see after few year of experience they will end up in corporate mindlessness. One of the obstacles in this kind of skill incompetence is that it stops people from learning. They deceive by the comforting routines that allow them to ignore troubling issues of daily life. Often you see in organization where people are being discouraged for asking question. They been given a particular script to follow and act accordingly. Usually asking difficult question or thinking to deeply seems as a great waste for the firms. It subsequently end up in restricting the thought process of employees. Employees who learn to switch of their brain are rewarded. If they think too much they can get the work done. By following the corporate line set by the firm, thoughtless employees get seen as leadership material and promoted. We usually see the policy of ignorance in the organization, where people avoid informing senior people about problem. This is because senior don’t want to face to many complicated issues. This helps them to remain unaware of the situation when something went wrong in order to pull off the whole burden from them. Functional Stupidity The observation is that firm going out of their way to block employees from reflecting on their ideas, to deter them from thinking innovatively and to resist them from giving or asking for justification for their decisions and actions. By doing this they create functional outcomes both for individuals and the whole organisation. The consequences of it can disastrous leading to collapse of organisation. However functional stupidity can be useful and produce short term results, it can nurture harmony, encourage people to get on with the job. Like the example of Pepsi was given where culture was that executive should focused only on outcome, work diligently and employees gave very less time to their social life or outside world. The type of workaholic or militaristic environment prevails in Pepsi affect the employees productivity and they all the time pre-occupied with the office work. Functional stupidity is so widespread in organization that it is simply seen as a normal. Following leaders without seeing their credentials and no careful check often result in self stupidity. Functional Stupidity basically reduces conflict, levitate anxiety, and increase self-esteem. The issue is when organization get affected in longer term which result in a great loss.Funtional stupidity is deeply rooted in organisation and eradicating it from the root is very difficult. But certain steps can be taken which will be discuss later on this chapter can help us mitigating it. Part Two: Five Kinds of Functional Stupidity Leadership-Induced Stupidity All adjectives like superior, innovative, critical, prudent, etc. attached with leaders. They are purely a myth. In reality leaders are self-obsessed individuals. Who assume themselves as a master of all. Most of them think that whatever they are saying is being praised by their sub-ordinates but reality is different from this. Mostly people take the words of their leaders superficially and take it as for granted. Henceforth, impact of a leader on organizational life is minimum. Structure Induce Stupidity Structure in organization is necessary but some time creating too much structures and norms can create a communication gap between the top management and the lower ones. We have heard the word of delegation in our management system which is used to empower the employees and encourage them to take equal parts in company’s though process. But unfortunately we can see in majority of organization that dominant or dictator rule is followed. Top management neglect the lower ones to put their input which can be valuable for organization but are often ignored in company thought process. That lowers the moral and willingness of an individual working in an organization. Managers mostly spend their time doing meeting, setting up the rule and regulation and probably are unaware of what is happening at the ground level or in the firm. If we go down the organisation hierarchy, most peoples are confine to focus on their work and not think about the broader picture. Imitation Induced Stupidity Blindly following the glowing star has become order of the day. Organizations tend to copy other organizational behaviour and strategies without any motive and approach. The repercussions of this practice are heinous and affect overall organization. Branding-Induced Stupidity Marketing and branding has become a key tool nowadays. Organizations have vigorously started working on branding their brands. They do it by hook or crook. Mostly unrealistic but catchy phrases are used to convince the buyers to buy their products. The branding game is going so strong that huge chunk of capital are now reserved only for branding. This has diverted organizations from their main purpose which is to improve their product’s quality and to serve their customers. Culture- Induced Stupidity There is a predefined set of protocols for every organization. These protocols create almost familiar culture for every organization. Eventually they create a tranquil and conducive environment within an organization. Things get disturbed when such predefined protocols are broken and are kept just for showcase. This creates a feeling of chagrin in people. Part Three: Managing Stupidity Stupidity Management and How to counter it Stupidity management constitute a conundrum. In short functional stupidity is helpful in decision making, forging a better workplace and mitigating the conflict because you will be not questioning or not doing something out of the box which ultimately builds such an environment of harmony. But in longer run, it obstruct the creativity, decision making skills and problem solving skills.Decion making tends to be easy when people stop thinking too much. Conflict of opinion shall be present in the organization; it will help individuals to express themselves and come out with different idea or opinion which ultimately benefit the organization. Due to this your thought process increases and you start thinking differently. There are number of ways where manager encourage functional stupidity. First is authority in which people are encourage to follow their leaders and they are treated as inferior who are there to comply the policies and orders. Second is seduction. People can be seduced by being encouraged to think things are great. The third is to manipulate the thing in order to make the things appears to be natural. This we call naturalisation. We follow stereotype thinking or conservative type of mind-set like this thing happen in this way and there are no alternate for it.Albeit if we think beyond the line or do some research we can come up with a way but we are provided with such justification that this is the better way or it can happen in this way only. Final is appeal to opportunism. When incentives are stacked up in the right way, people are schooled to avoid asking to many difficult questions. Now we will look how organization should foster an â€Å"anti-stupidity culture† in which it is acceptable to think critically. This includes by reflecting your ideas, involve in critical thinking and consider reducing or killing our own stupidities for this we need to do anti stupidity management. Furthermore, it required work on cultural and collective norms. Express yourself in meeting and ask tough question to force them to think again for the decision. Newcomers should be promoted to ask question and should be ask that how they perceive the situation and their take on it. Learning from the outsider or you should go to other organisation and see their culture and work, and try to interlink with yours, which will help you in longer run.Learing from the critics because they have deep views of your company loophole so engaging them and extracting the shortcoming can be beneficial. Conclusion This book shows the picture how in the organisation people are facing with different hurdles which inhibit their though process and they instead of thinking rationally they restrict their thought process which ultimately result in creating a functional stupidity –a way to remain confine in certain area and not thinking out of it or beyond the line which result in setting up a myopic mind set. In the end it briefly describe that how to tackle out of this situation through ways as describe earlier in above paragraph. How to cite The Stupidity Paradox, Papers

Conference on Marketing and Business Development

Question: Discuss about the Conference on Marketing and Business Development. Answer: Introduction: Exhibit 12 shows exceptional fluctuations that are really significant while considering the aggregate demand for pasta in the country of Italy. The instability in the weekly demands from the Northeast DC is resulted by various reasons. The first reason is the fluctuation in customers demand due to the seasonal changes (Morrone, Russo Calace, 2015). These fluctuations are quite predictable. Secondly, the demand from the distributors differs for various factors like volume discounts, transportation and promotions, long time for lead (10 days), packing design and sizes, various types of products, no specific quantities for minimum and maximum order. Moreover, the suppliers do not have the system or tools for forecasting. They take the benefit of transportation or volume discount during the promotional period to stock the order in advance for weeks and in future weeks they order very less amount or nothing and use the stocked inventory. Another reason for fluctuation is the poor communi cation among the sales and marketing team, distributors, manufacturers, retailers (Tan, Hilmola Binh, 2016). The nature of the supply chain is of complex type. The distributors have various kinds of customers like small shops and supermarkets and they have various strategies. Many stages are involved in the supply chain between the factories and the end-use-customers. The demand is not predictable or not possible to keep track of sales from the stores and from the distributors. The fluctuation in demand lead to the bullwhip effect that is the enlarged variation in the demand pattern and involvement of more stages in the supply chain. This is the most evidential in exhibit 12 and it can be seen that there are 4-6 point in the orders and that is followed by the exceptional low order immediately after that (Brinkhoff, zer Sargut, 2015). Barilla Spa is the largest manufacturer of pasta globally. The organization sells their pasta large number of retailers in Italy through the third party supplier and distributors towards the end of 1980 and they suffered cost penalties and growing inefficiencies in operations that caused due to the large variations in their week-to-week distribution pattern (Di Guardo Castriotta, 2013). Consumers demand pattern for pasta in Italy is as follows: the pattern for the demand of pasta in Italy is relatively flat and was growing at a rate of less than 1% annually. In distribution centres (DC) the demand pattern reveals a further big fluctuation The pattern is like this due to the dynamics and channel policies (Wieland Handfield, 2016). The fluctuation effect put Barilla in a circumstance where the production is not sufficient or the finished goods production is in excess. This outcome reveals that either the company is holding large stock of inventories or is stocked out. The expenses are directly related to the loss of revenue as the cost of holding the inventory and competition respectively. Owing to the fluctuations, the logistic manufacturing operations are pressurised. Al the end of the distributor, the effect of the fluctuation leads to set up additional capability to hold the excess production of purchase any kind of promotion. Stock outs are expensive as they lead to loss of sales because the customers are likely to buy the competitors product and it can be seen from exhibit 13 that the stock out level is around 5% or more than that. As the margins are diminishing, it would be advantageous for the operation to minimize the cost of the whole company. Moreover, the large scale of buffering in inventories requires cost expenses and is likely to conceal various issues in the procedures (Islam et al., 2013). Brando Vitalis JITD proposal as a measure of cost reduction: Brando Vitali, the ex-logistic director of Barilla suggested just-in-time distribution (JITD) tools for contradict the issues regarding the variation in demand. This tool needs the distributors to reveal the data with Barilla regarding sales and the company will forecast and supply exact quantity product at appropriate time to the distributors to meet the demand effectively. This was a drastic change from the traditional setup for the supply chain where the distributors were not used to share the data regarding sales with the company. However, the suggestion of Vital faces several criticisms from the distributors as well as from the own marketing and sales department of Barilla due to various reasons. As under the JITD approach the products are supplies as when the demand is raised from the distributor, there is no need to stock the product on the warehouse on a large scale. Thereby the cost of storing the product is minimised. On the other hand, there is no need for excess production. Therefore, the level of expired products will be minimised. Thus, the JITD approach can be used as a measure for cost reduction (Seuring, 2013). The system of JITD works through the cooperation between seller and distributor. The distributor must reveal their sales forecast to the seller and based on the forecast, the seller will provide the product to the distributor as and when the demand will be raised by the distributor. It is quite same like the collecting the point-of-sale information from the retailers, that is the seller will respond to the sell through data just one stage behind of the retailers. Actually, the seller will use the sell-through information from the retailer. Barilla must go ahead to implement the JITD approach. The reason behind this is the JITD implementation is aligned with the business objectives of Barilla. JITD will allow the company to theoretically reduce the uncertain demand, which in turn, will maximize the uses of their assets and minimize the level of inventories and will increase its revenue through removing the stock-outs (Koz?owski, Gola ?wi?, 2014). Resistance from the customers: From distributor: The distributors view is that they they require to reveal their sales figure or their warehouse to Barilla. Moreover, they can improve their service and inventory level on their own that will assist them to get the inventory faster as they prefer to place their order as and when necessary and Barilla is supposed to deliver the goods within 36 hours. From marketing and sales department: They think that the sales level of the company will be flatten if the JITD approach is introduced and without any incentive they will not force the retailers to buy the product of Barilla. Moreover, they feel that if the space in the distributors warehouse freed up then they will stock the competitors product. Further, they are in the view that the distribution channel not ready yet to handle the sophisticated relationship of JITD. Maggiali can persuade the customers to try the JITD approach through following: They can demonstrate that the JITD approach is beneficial to the customers through running the programme on experimental basis at some of the customers sites. Maggiali is required to focus at the JITD approach as a company-wide attempt rather than taking it as logistics programme (Wan et al., 2014). Before the implementation of the JITD tool, Barilla must obtain the acceptance from their internal bodies to smoothen the distribution channel. Various internal departments are there who will be affected by the JITD approach. The marketing and sale department feel that they spend significant time with the distributor to assist them in preparing the weekly demand pattern and incorporating discounts and promotion into their strategies for sales. They feel that the JITD approach will eliminate the need of sales representative, which in turn, lead to cutting of jobs for the sales staffs. The marketing strategy is also a crucial part of Barilla which will be affected with the implementation of the new procedure. The sales of the organization come from the promotional tools and discounts, on a large scale that are given as incentives to the distributor. However, without incentives they are less likely to take active part in the distribution. Another issue is that, if the JITD approach is implemented, it will leave a vacant space in the warehouse of the distributors and the company is in the view that the vacant space will be filled up by the competitors product which in turn, will reduce the sales level of Barilla. The total number of product that are dealt by Barilla is another factor of concern. With the SKU of 800 dry products, it is quite tough to adjust the distribution channel in accordance with the JITD approach (Lee Prabhu, 2016). The sales people of Barilla spend 90% of their time with the stores. They assist the company in setting up for the in-house promotions, merchandising the products of the company, taking note of the competitive data related to the stock outs, price, introduction of new product and the ordering approaches. Additionally, they spend half day for weekly meetings held with the retailers, distributors, buyers and assist the distributor for estimating their weekly order and incorporation of discounts and promotions into the plan. Moreover, they spend few times with the CDC to discuss about the new pricing strategies and new products, issues that were faced in the previous weeks deliveries and settlement if issues regarding the discount and deal structures. However, if the JITD system is incorporated, the sales peoples requirement will be decreased or there will be no need of the sales representatives. In such an circumstance, this is very obvious that the sales people will not be willing to accept the JITD approach (Khan, Khan Sohail, 2014). It is quite understandable that Barilla is only looking out for their own interest, however, they should not ignore the interest of the distributors completely. It is obvious that Barilla is not interested in allowing their distributors for taking the best possible decision for their organization as the present scenario costing them bigger hassle and money. One party must not control and take the decisions completely without taking consideration the view of other party. If Barilla is willing to offer the distributor the cost incentives like on bulk purchase, the distributors are more likely to accept the JTID approach (Zhong et al., 2013). References: Brinkhoff, A., zer, ., Sargut, G. (2015). All You Need Is Trust? An Examination of Inter?organizational Supply Chain Projects.Production and operations management,24(2), 181-200. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/poms.12234/full Di Guardo, M. C., Castriotta, M. (2013). The challenge and opportunities of crowdsourcing web communities: an Italian case study.International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies,4(1), 79. Available at https://search.proquest.com/openview/33ec8db3e8603c1890c7181a7ce1faa5/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=2030559 Islam, D. M. Z., Meier, J. F., Aditjandra, P. T., Zunder, T. H., Pace, G. (2013). Logistics and supply chain management.Research in Transportation Economics,41(1), 3-16. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0739885912001606 Khan, S. N., Khan, M. A., Sohail, R. (2014). The Bullwhip Effect in Different Manufacturing Paradigm: An Analysis.Economia. Seria Management,17(1), 140-171. Available at https://mer.ase.ro/files/2014-1/11.pdf Koz?owski, E., Gola, A., ?wi?, A. (2014). Model of production control in just-in-time delivery system conditions.Advances in Manufacturing Science and Technology,38(1). Available at https://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-48b4a37d-0b3b-4b36-8889-079fc81177bf Lee, S., Prabhu, V. V. (2016). Just-in-time delivery for green fleets: A feedback control approach.Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment,46, 229-245. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920916301833 Morrone, D., Russo, A., Calace, D. (2015, November). Family Firms CSR Actions: the Case of Barilla. InInternational Conference on Marketing and Business Development(Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 366-376). Bucharest University of Economic Studies Publishing House. Available at https://www.mbd.ase.ro/?p=193 Seuring, S. (2013). A review of modeling approaches for sustainable supply chain management.Decision support systems,54(4), 1513-1520. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167923612001741 Tan, A., Hilmola, O. P., Binh, D. H. (2016). Matching volatile demand with transportation services in Vietnam: A case study with Gemadept.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,28(1), 160-174. Available at https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/APJML-05-2015-0079 Wan, Y. L., Zhu, H. P., Mu, Y. P., Yu, H. C. (2014). Research on iot-based material delivery system of the mixed-model assembly workshop. InProceedings of 2013 4th International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation (IEMI2013)(pp. 581-593). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Available at https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-40060-5_56 Wieland, A., Handfield, R. B. (2016). Supply Chain Management. In5th World Conference onProduction and Operations Management. POM 2016. Available at https://www.forskningsdatabasen.dk/en/catalog/2350919704 Zhong, R. Y., Dai, Q. Y., Qu, T., Hu, G. J., Huang, G. Q. (2013). RFID-enabled real-time manufacturing execution system for mass-customization production.Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,29(2), 283-292. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736584512000956

Barack Obama - Seventh Weekly Transition Address free essay sample

Ancient Indian Empires and Kingdoms

Ancient Indian Empires and Kingdoms From their original settlements in the Punjab region, the Aryans gradually began to penetrate eastward, clearing dense forests and establishing tribal settlements along the Ganga and Yamuna (Jamuna) flood  plains between 1500 and ca. 800 B.C. By around 500 B.C., most of northern India was inhabited and had been brought under cultivation, facilitating the increasing knowledge of the use of iron implements, including ox-drawn plows, and spurred by the growing population that provided voluntary and forced labor. As riverine and inland trade flourished, many towns along the Ganga became centers of trade, culture, and luxurious living. Increasing population and surplus production provided the bases for the emergence of independent states with fluid territorial boundaries over which disputes frequently arose. The rudimentary administrative system headed by tribal chieftains was transformed by a number of regional republics or hereditary monarchies that devised ways to appropriate revenue and to conscript labor for expanding the areas of settlement and agriculture farther east and south, beyond the Narmada River. These emergent states collected revenue through officials, maintained armies, and built new cities and highways. By 600 B.C., sixteen such territorial powers- including the Magadha, Kosala, Kuru, and Gandhara- stretched across the North India plains from modern-day Afghanistan to Bangladesh. The right of a king to his throne, no matter how it was gained, was usually legitimized through elaborate sacrifice rituals and genealogies concocted by priests who ascribed to the king divine or superhuman origins. The victory of good over evil is epitomized in the epic Ramayana (The Travels of Rama, or Ram in the preferred modern form), while another epic, Mahabharata (Great Battle of the Descendants of Bharata), spells out the concept of dharma and duty. More than 2,500 years later, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, the father of modern India, used these concepts in the fight for independence. The Mahabharata records the feud between Aryan cousins that culminated in an epic battle in which both gods and mortals from many lands allegedly fought to the death, and the Ramayana recounts the kidnapping of Sita, Ramas wife, by Ravana, a demonic king of Lanka (Sri Lanka), her rescue by her husband (aided by his animal allies), and Ramas coronation, leading to a period of prosperity and justice. In the late twentieth century, these epics remain dear to the hearts of Hindus and are commonly read and enacted in many settings. In the 1980s and 1990s, Rams story has been exploited by Hindu militants and politicians to gain power, and the much disputed Ramjanmabhumi, the birth site of Ram, has become an extremely sensitive communal issue, potentially pitting Hindu majority against a  Muslim minority. By the end of the sixth century B.C., Indias northwest was integrated into the Persian Achaemenid Empire and became one of its satrapies. This integration marked the beginning of administrative contacts between Central Asia and India. Magadha Although Indian accounts to a large extent ignored Alexander the Greats Indus campaign in 326 B.C., Greek writers recorded their impressions of the general conditions prevailing in South Asia during this period. Thus, the year 326 B.C. provides the first clear and historically verifiable date in Indian history. A two-way cultural fusion between several Indo-Greek elements- especially in art, architecture, and coinage- occurred in the next several hundred years. North Indias political landscape was transformed by the emergence of Magadha in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain. In 322 B.C., Magadha, under the rule of Chandragupta Maurya, began to assert its hegemony over neighboring areas. Chandragupta, who ruled from 324 to 301 B.C., was the architect of the first Indian imperial power the Mauryan Empire (326-184 B.C.)- whose capital was Pataliputra, near modern-day Patna, in Bihar. Situated on rich alluvial soil and near mineral deposits, especially iron, Magadha was at the center of bustling commerce and trade. The capital was a city of magnificent palaces, temples, a university, a library, gardens, and parks, as reported by Megasthenes, the third-century B.C. Greek historian and ambassador to the Mauryan court. Legend states that Chandraguptas success was due in large measure to his adviser Kautilya, the Brahman author of the Arthashastra (Science of Material Gain), a textbook that outlined governmental administration and political strategy. There was a highly centralized and hierarchical government with a large staff, which regulated tax collection, trade and commerce, industrial arts, mining, vital statistics, the welfare of foreigners, maintenance of public places including markets and temples, and prostitutes. A large standing army and a well-developed espionage system were maintained. The empire was divided into provinces, districts, and villages governe d by a host of centrally appointed local officials, who replicated the functions of the central administration. Ashoka, grandson of Chandragupta, ruled from 269 to 232 B.C. and was one of Indias most illustrious rulers. Ashokas inscriptions chiseled on rocks and stone pillars located at strategic locations throughout his empire- such as Lampaka (Laghman in modern Afghanistan), Mahastan (in modern Bangladesh), and Brahmagiri (in Karnataka)- constitute the second set of datable historical records. According to some of the inscriptions, in the aftermath of the carnage resulting from his campaign against the powerful kingdom of Kalinga (modern Orissa), Ashoka renounced bloodshed and pursued a policy of nonviolence or ahimsa, espousing a theory of rule by righteousness. His toleration for different religious beliefs and languages reflected the realities of Indias regional pluralism although he personally seems to have followed Buddhism (see Buddhism, ch. 3). Early Buddhist stories assert that he convened a Buddhist council at his capital, regularly undertook tours within his realm, and sent Buddhis t missionary ambassadors to Sri Lanka. Contacts established with the Hellenistic world during the reign of Ashokas predecessors served him well. He sent diplomatic-cum-religious missions to the rulers of Syria, Macedonia, and Epirus, who learned about Indias religious traditions, especially Buddhism. Indias northwest retained many Persian cultural elements, which might explain Ashokas rock inscriptions- such inscriptions were commonly associated with Persian rulers. Ashokas Greek and Aramaic inscriptions found in Kandahar in Afghanistan may also reveal his desire to maintain ties with people outside of India. After the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire in the second century B.C., South Asia became a collage of regional powers with overlapping boundaries. Indias unguarded northwestern border again attracted a series of invaders between 200 B.C. and A.D. 300. As the Aryans had done, the invaders became Indianized in the process of their conquest and settlement. Also, this period witnessed remarkable intellectual and artistic achievements inspired by cultural diffusion and syncretism. The Indo-Greeks, or the Bactrians, of the northwest contributed to the development of numismatics; they were followed by another group, the Shakas (or Scythians), from the steppes of Central Asia, who settled in western India. Still other nomadic people, the Yuezhi, who were forced out of the Inner Asian steppes of Mongolia, drove the Shakas out of northwestern India and established the Kushana Kingdom (first-century B.C.-third century A.D.). The Kushana Kingdom controlled parts of Afghanistan and Iran, and in India, the realm stretched from Purushapura (modern Peshawar, Pakistan) in the northwest, to Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) in the east, and to Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh) in the south. For a short period, the kingdom reached still farther east, to Pataliputra. The Kushana Kingdom was the crucible of trade among the Indian, Persian, Chinese, and Roman empires and controlled a critical part of the legendary Silk Road. Kanishka, who reigned for two decades starting around A.D. 78, was the most noteworthy Kushana ruler. He converted to Buddhism and convened a great Buddhist council in Kashmir. The Kushanas were patrons of Gandharan art, a synthesis between Greek and Indian styles, and Sanskrit literature. They initiated a new era called Shaka in A.D. 78, and their calendar, which was formally recognized by India for civil purposes starting on March 22, 1957, is still in use.

Two choose one. will upload later Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Two choose one. will upload later - Essay Example Internationalization, as a key current business trend is vital is promoting political reforms based on diverse perspectives. Further internationalization of business has environmental and political impacts. This paper provides a succinct discussion of the economic, political, social, and environmental implications of internationalization of business. Internationalization may be in diverse forms. A business can opt for foreign or direct investments in a foreign country and set up its subsidiaries from which it operations. A business may opt to form partnerships or business arrangements with interest business in a foreign country. It may involve allocation of subcontracts to foreign businesses or experts. It may also involve a business entity’s participation in foreign networks. Internationalization of business has accelerated economic progress in less-industrialized countries compared to any other development factor according to Penrose (1956). An example is the case of General Motors (GM). The firm started in Australia in 1926 and operated in the country until 1954. After 1954, the firm had plans to expand to other markets. In essence, GM’s operations in foreign markets outside Australia promoted industrial development, both in Australian and foreign destination markets. Growth of foreign investments through internationalization of firms contributes to economic progress. Hymer, Cohen and Dennis, 1979,  address the internationalization of capital by multinational corporations. Multinational corporations may engage in three key aspects. First, the can engage in capital movements across different countries. Second, multinational corporations can engage in capitalist production. The third aspect is engagement in international governments. All the three are vital to promoting economic progress by multinational corporations through internationalization of capital (Williamson, 1981). Improvement in

Cheating in baseball Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cheating in baseball - Essay Example Thornton et al, also presents their view on the deeper roots of cheating in baseball. The author present a case study, founded on cheating, about Mark Schelereth who was an offensive linesman in the NFL Denver Broncos. The case study present the implication of a creative cheating whereby coating their arms with Vaseline thereby making them â€Å"slimey† such that no individual could grab onto them. Their actions lead to the Broncos winning the game over their opponents. Further, there was no action taken against them implying that their cheating strategy worked to their advantage although it presented an unfair competition. Considering this case study, the authors asserts, â€Å"cheating in sports is generally considered unethical; however, in baseball circles it is tolerated† (Thornton et al, p. 12). This is enough evidence to support the fact that cheating is moral in baseball especially when exhibited in a skillful way. Mills, Dorothy S. Chasing Baseball: Our Obsession with Its History, Numbers, People and Places. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co, 2010. Dorothy Mills uses her book in order to show the extent of cheating in baseball. She asserts that cheating is an everyday aspect in baseball and other sports, with every individual associated with the game facing the consequences. The cheating individuals normally end up gaining unfair advantage against their competitors thereby affecting both the latter and their fans. Dorothy asserts, concerning the fans associated to cheating team â€Å"we cheer when our teams cheat†¦ ... The cheating individuals normally end up gaining unfair advantage against their competitors thereby affecting both the latter and their fans. Dorothy asserts, concerning the fans associated to cheating team â€Å"we cheer when our teams cheat†¦ that’s because all we care about is winning, fans do not care about being fare to the other guys† (Mills, p. 113). This excerpt acts as evidence that cheating forms a significant part of a baseball game considering that it may affect the results from the referee. Despite a team presenting all their efforts to play their game, a residing official may end up frustrating them when the latter does not realize cheating from the other team. Cassuto, Leonard, and Stephen Partridge. The Cambridge Companion to Baseball. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print. Cassuto presents an instance of Beckley who had miss the third base by fifteen feet but the residing official still considered that a win. Cassuto asserts that the p layers normally use this blatant trick in order to gain unfair advantage from the residing officials. Even though many fans in the game may have witnessed Beckley miss the third base, they did not present any effort towards complaining about the game. Cassuto uses this to confirm the truth that cheating is part of baseball besides other sports and fans condone it. He asserts â€Å"fans understand cheating and even condone cheating†¦.that puts cheating in unusual moral category, wrong doing that the baseball lovers would rather have in the game than not† (Cassuto&Stephen, p. 186). This quote is enough evidence that the baseball fans consider the act of cheating as moral and would feel unease for any game that does not have cheating. Cassuto & Stephen use the book as

Use Of Realism By Short Story Writers English Literature Essay

Use Of Realism By Short Story Writers English Literature Essay J.P Stern defined realism as being: no more, and no less, than an undertaking to look all the relevant facts in the face.  [1]  Literary realism is a trend that began in nineteenth century French literature. Realist authors such as Flaubert, Maupassant and Emile Zola depicted contemporary life and society, including everyday common duties in their stories. These writers sought to represent life without any type of exaggeration and attempted to write honestly about topics and themes. They preferred this style of writing to the romanticised literature that was more popular in the beginning of the nineteenth century. Romanticism was the opposite of realism and included more imaginative stories. However, their aim was to show the reality of their society and the life and sufferings of the working class.  [2]  Maupassant and Flaubert were key influential authors in this realist movement, and I will explore how both authors implemented the realist genre in their work and how their work differed from each other. One of Maupassants most popular realist stories was Boule de Suif, which was based on a real Rouen prostitute named Adrienne Legay during the Franco-Prussian war. The tale represents the sufferings of the working class and explores the morality and ethics of a divided society. Michael Lerner states how Maupassant manages to convert what is a simple episode from the realities of 1870 into something highly critical and symbolic. It is the more humble, low life realism desired by the Naturalists.  [3]  It is true to say that this tale gives a deep and powerful meaning to the reader in the subtlest ways through the use of symbolism and description, which I will be discussing in further detail later on. There are no major literary devices used by Maupassant. Instead he conveys the directness of the situation and gives a detailed description of the characters appearance and personality A good-natured fellow, though, inoffensive and obliging, he had devoted himself with incomparable enthusiasm to organising the defence of the town.  [4]  This information gives the reader a vision of the characters. Peter Brooks writes about the use of senses when reading a realist story: realist literature is attached to the visual, to looking at things, registering their presence in the world through sight.  [5]  Maupassant especially uses the sense of sight to involve the reader in the story and play on their relationship with the characters. The reader is able to picture the character more successfully and decide whether they like the character or not. Maupassant creates a hierarchy within the coach consisting of a democrat, a prostitute, two nuns, and the rest are of a socially high status. These respectable travellers look down upon the rest of the entourage. However, the differences between these classes are forgotten when they all accept to eat food from Boule de Suif. At this point they are all on an equal footing: mouths opened and shut without pause, swallowing, chewing and gulping ravenously.  [6]  The author shows the generosity of Boule de Suif as she selflessly gives up her food for the rest of the group. We begin to forget our preconceptions of the prostitute and realise that she does have certain moral guidelines. Her personality is further portrayed as a giving human when she makes the biggest decision in the story. All of the characters in the story plan to manipulate Boule de Suif into committing an immoral act of sleeping with the enemy: Boule de Suifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ felt angry with all her neighbours, ashamed o f having given way to their pleas, and defiled by the kisses of the Prussian into whose arms they had hypocritically thrown her.  [7]  The respectable characters do not take the high moral ground and support her decision not to sleep with the Prussian, it is their selfishness and immorality that take over their reasoning and force her to go against her will. Not only do they want her to give up her food, they also want her to give up her body. Michael Lerner states that For Maupassant the simple Norman peasant who throws a stone or takes a shot at the enemy is far worthier of our admiration than any of these more sophisticated types, who would prefer to sacrifice their country just as they do Boule de Suif rather than abandon or harm their commercial interests and own well-being  [8]   This statement depicts Maupassants own personal view of his bourgeois characters and emphasises the horridness of the scandal they have committed. We are shown a realist view of bourgeois human nature as selfish, arrogant and corrupt. Although Boule de Suif is a prostitute of her own accord, she is faced with a difficult decision. At first she would give herself for the pleasure of other people, whereas now she is being forced to do so; and with the enemy. Maupassant conveys the consequences of her decision in a way that makes the reader sympathise with the prostitute rather than scold her. His choice of words when trying to portray Boule de Suifs feelings are an accurate depiction of a real, victimised emotion: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦she found herself choking with rage and indignationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.she opened her mouth to tell them what she thought of themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but her exasperation was so violent that she could not utter a word.  [9]  Her utilitarian sacrifice has saved her companions from the Prussians yet her personal relationship with the hypocrites has diminished. Michael Lerner states that: Maupassant relates the fate of both France and the naive but patriotic prostitute to the selfish attitude of the bourgeois.  [10]  Lerner makes a clever statement and suggests that Maupassant was making a strong social point through his story. The realism depicted in this scene is that of manipulation and emotion. We are given an example of a high class act and a low class act and how they both differ morally and ethically. This is thought to depict the nature of both classes at the time. Maupassant s use of imagery in the carriage after the prostitutes sacrifice is alarming: she felt overwhelmed by the contempt of these respectable boors who had first sacrificed her, and then cast her aside like an unclean object for which they had no further use.  [11]  We are given an insight into her emotions and we also feel the tension within the confined space of the moving vehicle. As the prostitutes emotions mirror as our own, that of disgust and anger, Maupassant has successfully portrayed his representation of humanity with the use of realist language. Richard Fusco states that Maupassant: wanted to startle readers into recognising the pretensions of society and those within themselves.  [12]  As the rest of the characters pretend to Boule de Suif that her actions will also be in her own interest, Richard Fusco is correct in making this statement, however, the author also startles us into realising that our actions can be more consequential than heroic. Boule de Sui fs position is not created on her own accord but through the manipulation of her socially respectable superiors. Michael Lerner comments on Maupassants realism as: fairly shallow; he went through the notions of it without fully committing himself.  [13]  This comment is very disagreeable as we can see Maupassant has used very intricate realistic techniques to convey the message of the story: everybody stayed in the kitchen, engaging in endless discussions and putting forward the unlikeliest theories.  [14]  The language gives an indication of many different emotions and shows pathos, strong character representation and clarity in his writing, of life at the time. Maupassant manages to successfully portray a realistic character in his story. Maupassant had studied under Flaubert for a number of years and it was through him that he met other literary geniuses such as Emile Zola and Ivan Turgenev. All of these influences contributed to Maupassants literary ideas and it is for this reason that his style mirrors Flauberts in many ways. I will be analysing Flauberts realist story A Simple Heart, which is set in the time and country of the author of nineteenth century France. Like Maupassant, the central figure is based on a real person whom Flaubert knew. One of the similarities that both these authors hold, according to Agnes Rutherford Riddell, was symbolism. Maupassant used Boule de Suif as a symbol for the proletariat whilst Flaubert used the name Fà ©licità © in A Simple Heart as a suggestion for both the peasant womans fatalistic acquiescence in circumstances and, by contrast, the real misery of her lot.  [15]  Such symbolism helps to portray a deeper message of the reality of the story. Flaubert also used vivid, descriptive language within his stories: her dresses hung in a row under a shelf containing three dolls, some hoops, a set of dolls furniture, and the wash-basin she had used.  [16]  Like Maupassant, Flaubert creates a realistic sense of the reader being involved in the novel. However the difference between the two; is Flauberts use of more intricate detailing of surroundings and vision. Riddell argues that: Maupassant appears to avoid this kind of mistake, perhaps through noticing its effect in his masters work. On the whole, however, description through the eyes of a personage is consistent in both writersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.  [17]  Both writers use description as a necessity in their work in order to give a more realistic account of their surroundings. Timothy Unwin is accurate in his belief that: It is a well-accepted fact that, in the nineteenth century, realist novelists were less interested in telling stories than they were in describing them.   [18]   In A Simple Heart, Flaubert uses the technique of an omniscient narrator to his advantage. The reader is able to view the protagonist externally and internally. Externally through the attitudes of other characters towards Fà ©licità ©: Madam Aubain told her to stop kissing them all the time and internally through Fà ©licità ©s thoughts, told to us by the narrator: which hurt her deeply.  [19]  This allows the reader to view things as she does. H. Meili Steele states that: the narrator has the ostensible traits of omniscience, such as the ability to move freely through space and time and to represent characters thoughts.  [20]  We can see that this is not the only advantage of an omniscient narrator. In terms of realist literature, the omniscient narrator acts as a device to give the reader more information on the characters and the setting. Thus resulting in a more pragmatic approach to the text. In A Simple Heart, the main character, Fà ©licità ©, is used as an instrument of symbolism for the uneducated and the poor. She is repeatedly exploited by those around her, even by the people she loves and she is always hunted by sadness and sorrow. When she is stranded by her lover à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦she hastened to her lover. In his place she found his friends. From him she learned that was never to see Thà ©odore again, we can see how concise and straight to the point the sentences are.  [21]  This abrupt structure makes the reader sense the shock and upset of the protagonist. These are the real feelings of the protagonist shown to us through concise sentence structure and normal, everyday language: I havent had any for six months!.  [22]  This is the main focus of Flauberts realist writing. Timothy Unwin states that: Flaubert the novelist steered clear of depicting contemporary literary life in detail.  [23]  This is correct in terms of dialogue between characters howe ver, we have established that Flaubert was very intricate in the detailing of setting that the characters were placed in. Flaubert remarks on the role of religion in the story, especially that of the Roman Catholic church in nineteenth century France. Fà ©licità © is devoted to the church and visits regularly yet her devotion is not based on its beliefs: As for dogma, she did not understand, did not even attempt to understand a word of it.  [24]  Flaubert seems to be mocking the church in this sentence, implying that religion is a sanctity for the weak and poor who acquire some type of higher entity to depend on for support. Mary Orr states that: Flaubert challenges the spiritual redundancy and irrelevance of Catholic theologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, this shows how we are given an indication of Flauberts own personal views towards the Catholic church through his writing.  [25]  He shows not only the common realist thought of the time, but his own thought. Raymond Giraud comments that we have more of an insight as to Flauberts character through his stories Flaubert reveals himself, positively or negati vely, directly or indirectly, in the characters he creates.  [26]  Flauberts presence in his literature is dominant and his thoughts represent the thoughts of many of the realist writers and thinkers. We have already recognised that Maupassants descriptions involve the readers senses, yet Flauberts descriptions also involve the senses, but of the characters rather than the readers. Timothy Unwin points out that: he watches and gathers information about the characters and the narrator less from what is said about them than from catching them looking.In Un Couer Simple the tall grass at the bottom of the stream which, we are told, is like the hair of dead bodies, explains what Fà ©licità © sees and thinks. Through her eyes we understand that she mistakenly assumes Victor died drowning (he died on a land of disease).  [27]   We can conclude from this quote that the author is using description from the characters point of view to give us more information about the characters state of mind. The fact that Fà ©licità © has made a mistake in her knowledge of Victors death shows us her naivety and overall, the simple-mindedness of the uneducated and poor class that Fà ©licità © represents. Maupassant and Flauberts use of realism tends to be quite similar. Yet, there are many points where one stands out more than the other. We can conclude that Maupassant was strong in his realist representation of bourgeois behaviour, his use of symbolism and giving an informative description of the setting in his story. Whilst Flaubert is more descriptive in not only the setting of the story, but of the characters views and thoughts. Peter Brooks emphasises that: Everything, as Flaubert understands it, depends on the detail, thus, giving the reader more information on the text and allowing them to relate to the story more.  [28]  Both however, do not fall into the trap of over dramatising their realist descriptions and keep it as authentic as possible. Peter Brooks also notes how: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we might ask ourselves: Why do we take pleasure in imitations and reproductions of the things of our world?  [29]  It seems very commonsensical to write about what we see, yet we take the easy approach of literature and write about fictional beings and wonders. Writing is a type of escapism, which realism does not allow, but we can see from the works of these two geniuses that realist literature is just as good and more educational than any other type of imaginary literature. The verisimilitude is a device of entertainment and Timothy Unwin argues that: Everything and everyone, in Flauberts view, had unique qualities that it was the artists duty to seek out.  [30]  Realism puts more of an emphasis onto the small details of everyday living. Flaubert and Maupassant both understand this and equip this idea in their work. The use of le mot juste in realist literature is a handy tool to depict life and surroundings most accurately. Timothy Unwin points out that This formula was valid for Flaubert, but the principle of mot juste does not imply that there is just one way of telling all stories. Rather, it suggests that each story has a privileged way of being told, through which it appears at its most persuasive.  [31]   Unwins comment here raises an interesting point. As each story has a privileged way of being told, this means that it is difficult to assume that what we read is all a precise account of reality at the time. The writer implements their own views and judgements into their work, ultimately, making their stories biased. What we must bear in mind when reading realist literature, is that the story is all someones interpretation of reality and this is the main difference between the authors. The text is a depiction of the authors reality. Our interpretation of reality is likely to be more different.

Ah Xian

Ah Xian (1960-) Throughout April 1989, large numbers of students gathered in Tian'anmen Square, in front of the Forbidden Palace in the centre of Beijing in China. They were demonstrating against political corruption and economic instability. As the crowds continued to grow, so did the displeasure of the government of the People's Republic of China. By the beginning of June, armed soldiers were sent in to suppress the protest. This they did, violently, leaving between 400 and 7000 people dead (because of the lack of freedom of the press in China at the time figures are very unreliable).Ah Xian (pronounced `ar see-arn') had friends who were jailed because of their involvement in the protests. The following year he sought political asylum in Australia. He has lived in Sydney since then, working in both Australia and China. His work can be seen as an attempt to reconcile his past and present lives; it is a visual bridge between the east (his homeland of China) and the west (Australia, w here he lives). His sculptures present a contrast between the three-dimensional busts that belong to the western portrait tradition and the two-dimensional surface which is painted with traditional, symbolic and decorative Chinese patterns.In 1997, in his backyard studio, Ah Xian began to make porcelain busts on plaster casts he made over the figures of friends and family. He then glazed these busts with traditional hand-painted Chinese designs. Since 1999 he has collaborated with Chinese artisans in Jingdezhen (the historical centre of China's fine porcelain production), who paint the traditional designs that he selects after research in pattern books. He used their expertise to decorate the three-dimensional works of the human figure in his series called China China.Ah Xian China China Bust 1999 The eyes of Ah Xian's figures are always closed. The faces are still and silent and wear no expression. In many ways figures such as Dr John Yu AC (right) remind us of the western traditio n of portrait busts begun by the Romans. We see the same head and shoulder view in the two portrait busts in the first century CE Roman sculpture in Figure 1. 48. Dr John Yu is a Sydney paediatrician (doctor who treats children). He was born in China but has lived in Australia since he was 3 years old.The inclusion of colourful children climbing on the sculpture follows the Chinese tradition of placing small children's figures around images of the Laughing Buddha and Guanyin (the god of compassion and mercy) and creates a contrast to the simple undecorated figure. They also symbolise John Yu's work with sick children. Ah Xian creating the mould on Dr Yu’s face In the works of Ah Xian's China China-Bust series, such as China China-Bust (Right), the bust is covered in oriental decorative motifs such as those used for centuries on traditional Chinese vases, plates and bowls.Each bust uses a different pattern, most of which are symbolic. They are all intricate and include real an d mythical creatures, such as the dragon and the phoenix, flowers such as the peony and the lotus, and traditional landscapes. These patterns cover the whole background of the face and figure and, like a tattoo, can be seen as a permanent mark left by culture and tradition. Sometimes the designs follow the contours of the head, sometimes they contradict them. Since 2000 Ah Xian has also worked in other traditional Chinese craft techniques such as cloisonne (pronounced `klwa zo nay'), lacquer work and jade carving.Human human-lotus, cloisonne figure 1 (Fig. 4. 72) is a life-size figure of a woman made from sections of copper sheet that have been panelbeaten by hand and covered in intricate cloisonne patterns of lotus flowers and lily pads. In 2001, in a workshop in Hebei province outside Beijing, Ah Man worked in the 700-year-old technique of cloisonne, which was applied to a full body cast. The lotus pattern covering the form symbolises peace, happiness and spiritual unfolding. Ah Xian Ah Xian (1960-) Throughout April 1989, large numbers of students gathered in Tian'anmen Square, in front of the Forbidden Palace in the centre of Beijing in China. They were demonstrating against political corruption and economic instability. As the crowds continued to grow, so did the displeasure of the government of the People's Republic of China. By the beginning of June, armed soldiers were sent in to suppress the protest. This they did, violently, leaving between 400 and 7000 people dead (because of the lack of freedom of the press in China at the time figures are very unreliable).Ah Xian (pronounced `ar see-arn') had friends who were jailed because of their involvement in the protests. The following year he sought political asylum in Australia. He has lived in Sydney since then, working in both Australia and China. His work can be seen as an attempt to reconcile his past and present lives; it is a visual bridge between the east (his homeland of China) and the west (Australia, w here he lives). His sculptures present a contrast between the three-dimensional busts that belong to the western portrait tradition and the two-dimensional surface which is painted with traditional, symbolic and decorative Chinese patterns.In 1997, in his backyard studio, Ah Xian began to make porcelain busts on plaster casts he made over the figures of friends and family. He then glazed these busts with traditional hand-painted Chinese designs. Since 1999 he has collaborated with Chinese artisans in Jingdezhen (the historical centre of China's fine porcelain production), who paint the traditional designs that he selects after research in pattern books. He used their expertise to decorate the three-dimensional works of the human figure in his series called China China.Ah Xian China China Bust 1999 The eyes of Ah Xian's figures are always closed. The faces are still and silent and wear no expression. In many ways figures such as Dr John Yu AC (right) remind us of the western traditio n of portrait busts begun by the Romans. We see the same head and shoulder view in the two portrait busts in the first century CE Roman sculpture in Figure 1. 48. Dr John Yu is a Sydney paediatrician (doctor who treats children). He was born in China but has lived in Australia since he was 3 years old.The inclusion of colourful children climbing on the sculpture follows the Chinese tradition of placing small children's figures around images of the Laughing Buddha and Guanyin (the god of compassion and mercy) and creates a contrast to the simple undecorated figure. They also symbolise John Yu's work with sick children. Ah Xian creating the mould on Dr Yu’s face In the works of Ah Xian's China China-Bust series, such as China China-Bust (Right), the bust is covered in oriental decorative motifs such as those used for centuries on traditional Chinese vases, plates and bowls.Each bust uses a different pattern, most of which are symbolic. They are all intricate and include real an d mythical creatures, such as the dragon and the phoenix, flowers such as the peony and the lotus, and traditional landscapes. These patterns cover the whole background of the face and figure and, like a tattoo, can be seen as a permanent mark left by culture and tradition. Sometimes the designs follow the contours of the head, sometimes they contradict them. Since 2000 Ah Xian has also worked in other traditional Chinese craft techniques such as cloisonne (pronounced `klwa zo nay'), lacquer work and jade carving.Human human-lotus, cloisonne figure 1 (Fig. 4. 72) is a life-size figure of a woman made from sections of copper sheet that have been panelbeaten by hand and covered in intricate cloisonne patterns of lotus flowers and lily pads. In 2001, in a workshop in Hebei province outside Beijing, Ah Man worked in the 700-year-old technique of cloisonne, which was applied to a full body cast. The lotus pattern covering the form symbolises peace, happiness and spiritual unfolding.